FONTAINEBLEAU, France (AP) ? The single line of Napoleon's secret code told Paris of his desperate, last order against the Russians: "At three o'clock in the morning, on the 22nd I am going to blow up the Kremlin."
By the time Paris received the letter three days later, the Russian czar's seat of power was in flames and the diminished French army was in retreat. Its elegantly calligraphic ciphers show history's famed general at one of his weakest moments.
"My cavalry is in tatters, many horses are dying," dictated Napoleon, the once-feared leader showing the strain of his calamitous Russian invasion, which halved his army.
The rare document ? dated Oct. 20, 1812, signed "Nap" in the emperor's hand and written in numeric code ? is up for auction Sunday at France's Fontainebleau Auction House.
The Napoleon code, used only for top-secret letters when the French emperor was far from home, aimed to stop enemies from intercepting French army orders. The code was regularly changed to prevent it from being cracked.
Napoleon must have dispatched his strongest horses and riders to carry the news: It only took three days to reach France's interior ministry ? 1,540 miles (2,480 kilometers) across Europe.
"This letter is unique. Not only is it all in code, but it's the first time we see this different Napoleon. He went into Moscow in 1812 at the height of his power. He returned profoundly weakened. In Moscow, the Russians had fled days before and burnt down the city. There was no victory for Napoleon, nor were there any provisions for his starving, dying army," says Jean-Christophe Chataignier of the auction house.
The only thing left for the weakened leader was to give the order to burn Russia's government buildings ? coded in the letter as "449, 514, 451, 1365..."
It is evidence of what historians call the beginning of the end of Napoleon's glorious empire, which started in Russia and ended at Waterloo three years later.
In June 1812, Napoleon's "Grand Army" ? at 600,000 men one of the largest in human history ? confidently entered Russia. But they were woefully unprepared for the harsh weather, the strong Russian defense and the Russian scorched-earth tactics, which left nothing behind to sustain the hungry and freezing French troops.
"This letter is an incredible insight, we never see Napoleon emotively speaking in this way before," says Chataignier. "Only in letters to (his wife) Josephine did he ever express anything near to emotion. Moscow knocked him."
In the text ? which announces that his commanders are evacuating Moscow ? Napoleon laments his army's plight, asking for assistance to replenish his forces and the ravaged cavalry, which saw thousands of horses die.
In September, 200 years after Russia's victory over Napoleon, the Kremlin held huge celebrations aimed at rousing patriotism among modern Russians. The highlight was a re-enactment of the battle of Borodino ? one of the most damaging clashes for Napoleon's troops ? which saw thousands in Russian and French military uniforms perform before several hundred thousand spectators.
The 1812 victory played an important role in Russia's emergence as a major world power. Until World War I, Napoleon's Russian campaign and the ensuing wars were the largest European military face-off in history.
The letter, which is accompanied by a second decoded sheet, is estimated to fetch up to ?15,000 ($19,500).
___
Follow Thomas Adamson at http://Twitter.com/ThomasAdamsonAP
Six middle school students in Richmond, Va., were suspended after they allegedly attacked their school bus driver. WWBT's Ashley Monfort reports.
By Daniel Arkin, NBC News
Six students who allegedly assaulted a Richmond, Va., middle school bus driver Tuesday have been arrested and charged, according to the Richmond Police Department.?
The unidentified students face felony aggravated assault and assault by mob charges, police said. A seventh student was suspended in connection with the incident.?
Richmond City school administrators said the group of students attacked a bus driver on the way to Albert Hill Middle School at approximately 7:30 a.m. Tuesday morning. The alleged assault left the 55-year-old male bus driver with serious face and head injuries, according to NBC12, a station in Richmond.
According to the police report, the alleged attack forced the driver to stop the vehicle and call the police.?
"It's a dangerous position to be in," bus monitor Hilda Davis told NBC12. "To be attacked like that is a terrible thing to anybody. I feel all these drivers' pain. You know, it's a risk and somebody needs to be held accountable. I don't like this at all."
For more, visit NBC12.com
The mother of one of the alleged attackers told Richmond's CBS6 station that the incident began when students on the bus threw crayons at the bus driver. She claims that the driver became agitated and started hitting her son, which triggered the assault.
Police have not specified a motive for the alleged attack.
Richmond Public Schools spokeswoman Felicia Cosby said school officials are continuing to investigate the attack in cooperation with local police.?
"We are taking this matter seriously and are working expeditiously with the Richmond Police Department to conduct a full investigation,? Cosby told CBS6. ?Once we complete our investigation, appropriate disciplinary action will be taken. The safety and security of both our students and staff are paramount to our mission of promoting student achievement. The alleged misconduct will not be tolerated and those who exhibit such conduct will meet swift and appropriate discipline."
More content from NBCNews.com:
Follow US news from NBCNews.com on Twitter and Facebook
Support from the Europeans for Palestinian non-member 'state' status may derive partly from concern that Palestinians would view missiles, not diplomacy, as the way to sway Israel.
By Christa Case Bryant,?Staff writer / November 29, 2012
A Palestinian gestures during a rally in the West Bank city of Hebron, supporting the resolution that would change the Palestinian Authority's United Nations observer status from "entity" to "non-member state" November 29, 2012.
Ammar Awad/REUTERS
Enlarge
A week after Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas appeared all but forgotten in the wake of the Gaza conflict, his bid to gain a global mandate for statehood at the United Nations today has gained momentum.
Click Here for your FREE 30 DAYS of The Christian Science Monitor Weekly Digital Edition
At least 150 of the United Nations?s 193 members, including France, Spain, Switzerland, Austria, and possibly even Britain, are expected to vote in favor of upgrading the Palestine Liberation Organization?s status to a non-member ?state,? instead of a mere ?observer.? And Germany, which many expected to be a sure "no" vote, announced today that it would abstain.?
The upgrade, while largely symbolic, could give the PLO firmer footing on the international stage to push for a sovereign state alongside Israel.?
The last-minute tide of international support, particularly from European countries, may have derived in part from concern that Palestinians would walk away from last week?s Gaza conflict with the impression that missiles, not diplomacy, are the way to get Israeli concessions. As part of the Nov. 21 cease-fire agreement, Israel agreed in principle to opening the crossings into Gaza, potentially easing the restrictions on goods and freedom of movement that Israel imposed when Hamas won elections in 2006.
?The cease-fire definitely strengthened Hamas. It looks as if the Hamas managed to get concessions on the siege and this was through missiles ? while [Abbas] is sitting aside quietly,? says veteran Israeli diplomat Alon Liel, now retired. ?So it?s definitely the wish of Europeans to show that through diplomacy you can also gain achievements, not only through missiles.?
This line of reasoning also provided a ?wonderful excuse? for European countries, which have traditionally backed Palestinian statehood but have faced strong pressure from Israel to vote against the UN bid, he adds.
Now they can say, ?What can we do? Your war over there in Gaza isolated ? [Abbas] to the extent that now we have to come to his help,? says Mr. Liel, noting that a number of European countries would have voted in favor of the bid even without such cover.
Symbolic date
Today?s vote comes on the 65th?anniversary of the UN vote to partition historic Palestine into two states, one Israeli and one Palestinian. Israel accepted the offer and declared independence six months later, but Arab leaders in Palestine and the region rejected it and fighting broke out between Zionists and Arabs, which lasted until 1949. The 1949 armistice lines, also referred to as the Green Line or the 1967 borders, prevailed up until the 1967 war between Israel and its neighbors.
Well done on the choice to produce a Miles Austin Jersey web site! You?ve most likely got a variety of suggestions in your thoughts regarding how your site will look like and just how it can operate. Whilst these are typically all good stuff to take into account, there exists something different that ought to be on your mind, an internet number. These post will tell more about hosting and why you want it.
If you want to create a blog employing a certain software, be sure that the net variety you select can handle it. Not all the web host will assist each blogging software. The theme through the operating a blog application that you have your heart established on might not be made available from the other software backed by the internet variety. So before you make your selection, determine if your running a blog Miles Austin Jersey application is guaranteed.
Ensure that you know which kind of os you will need for internet hosting (UNIX dependent or Home windows centered). There are several internet hosting companies that can provide possibly UNIX or Linux platform-structured will serve, though you must be certain and this is what you are going to want to use.
Will not delay until the final min to start taking a look at hosting options. When making your internet business or private project, you must set up a strategy that includes locating a web host. Have a look at evaluations and attempt a few different Miles Austin Jersey professional services when you have to prior to your website established.
You should utilize an internet hold that offers a money-back guarantee. When you are not satisfied with all the variety or locate one that gives better services for less money, you need to be capable to depart your own variety and proceed to one other 1. Typically, you have four weeks to change your brain.
Have a look at a host?s work segment as a way to determine whether they?re at the moment using the services of. If they are, then it is probable that their clients are increasing. Therefore, this hold must be a secure decide on. When they Miles Austin Jersey aren?t hiring, then they are most likely really having difficulties. As a result, you ought to possibly prevent them.
You need to only purchase an pricey or expensive hosting company if you plan to weight a lot of video tutorials to the website. The extra expenditure is just not required when you are basically loading information and facts for your web site. This can be a wonderful way to spend less when you are looking for a variety.
It is necessary when attemping to decide what web hosting company to use, to sign up with numerous discussion boards online to achieve better information regarding which companies are perfect and which suppliers you ought to stay away from. It is a good way exactly where like-minded people can get collectively and reveal their Miles Austin Jersey experiences.
Now you have more information regarding web hosting, you can start to imagine much more about it, along with the other factors that happen to be required for the roll-out of your internet site. Use the words and phrases with this article and make use of them to assist you to go with a hosting service that can deliver your site into fruition.
Authorized Tony Romo Jersey Outlet presents various inexpensive Sean Lee Jersey today with Super fast Delivery, Safe and sound Checkout & First class Customer Satisfaction.
I faintly recall the time in second grade when our teacher put the class in pairs to share lockers for the year. The reason this is notable is that I mistakenly got the impression that I was being paired up with a girl. I didn?t like that idea at that age, and I began to cry. All was quickly better though, when the teacher straightened me out.
Click Here for your FREE 30 DAYS of The Christian Science Monitor Weekly Digital Edition
It?s possible that I would have forgotten this incident, except for something that happened many years later at the wedding of another classmate. That long-ago locker partner was there, and much to my surprise, he talked angrily about how in second grade I had thought he was a girl. He spoke as if the experience had marred his schoolboy days and perhaps even still affected him.
I felt bad for the guy. And while I don?t really blame my boyhood self, the fact that he still held those feelings made an impression on me. We?ve all heard people?s stories, or have some of our own, of misunderstandings or of cutting comments that have lasting negative effects. ?You can?t sing, just move your lips,? or ?You?re not athletic,? can ring in a person?s ears years later. Today, I feel a responsibility to help us all find the something that will prevent these incidents ? or disarm them and save everybody from the torment.
It?s the grace of God that saves us. People speak of the eternal salvation that God reveals to us, usually in the context of life after death. But God?s saving grace is a presence in human consciousness and can be felt moment by moment right now. It can be ushered into any situation and held onto, helping redeem each moment of our lives.
For me, as the Bible says, the redeeming process involves an ongoing prayer. The second letter to the Thessalonians includes this prayer: ?That the name of our Lord Jesus Christ may be glorified in you, and ye in him, according to the grace of our God and the Lord Jesus Christ? (II Thessalonians 1:12).
The truth of our lives is that we each have a purpose to bring out to help light up the universe and reveal the goodness and value of each one of us. This is our God-given spiritual identity, which is secure and can never be marred. Finding our lives defined by this identity brings a power ? the grace that keeps life going in the right direction. Monitor founder Mary Baker Eddy wrote, ?Throughout all generations both before and after the Christian era, the Christ, as the spiritual idea, ? the reflection of God, ? has come with some measure of power and grace to all prepared to receive Christ, Truth? (?Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures,? p. 333).
For years after that conversation at the wedding, I would occasionally recall the situation and feel bad. But things have evolved for me. The story now is more one of how my life is devoted to ushering in the grace that shows our lives defined by something eternal, special, and good. It?s not defined by something on the surface that?s played out by misunderstandings and awkward situations.
I hope that my prayer has in some way touched my long-ago locker partner. I?ve certainly seen it touch those around me now. I at least do a better job than I would have before in helping my own grade-school kids feel God?s grace, to let that ultimately be what defines their interaction with others. And I feel that, in general, I?m much more skilled at defusing and even preventing awkward situations.
Where is the divine good, God, who redeems our moments? He is right here for us to express with our thoughts, words, and actions. It?s the spiritual ideal of our lives, the Christ, here for us to glorify in our day-to-day interactions and here to leave the final story of who we are and what we?re about.
Posted Date:11/11/2012 Target Partners with CNET for Electronics Product Reviews
Target shoppers can now find electronics and technology reviews from CNET, via on-shelf signage and by clicking the Expert Review tab on Target.com. In the store, customers can scan a QR code to access full product reviews on the website. CNET Editors Picks for Target will feature 25 product reviews rating products on ease of use, style and value.
We know our guests find expert reviews helpful when making purchasing decisions, said Scott Nygaard, Targets vice president of merchandising for electronics in a statement. As the respected industry expert, CNET was a clear choice to provide this expertise to Targets guests.
The reviews, part of a larger partnership between the retailer and the technology news website, became available November 11, in time for holiday shopping.
CNET editors review hundreds of tech products each year, and weve built a reputation as the most trusted and expert tech reviewers, said CNET reviews editor in chief Lindsey Turrentine. Were thrilled to help Target guests enjoy gadget shopping this holiday season.
For related content: Winning the Social Engagement Wars: Target, Macys, Walmart
Target Has the Gift of Giving
Target Supports New Apple Passbook App for Mobile Coupons
Louis Vuitton??Right now a multitude of handbags in different models and distinctive designs and styles can be bought in the market. Many of the most widely used manufacturers of designer bags are Louis Vuitton, Gucci, Prada, DKNY, Christian Dior, Celine, Kate Spade and plenty of alot more. They offer good excellent quality and multitude of colours and styles. For all those who won't be able to pay for steeply-priced designer bags, replica designer bags which are a low amount substitute can also be out there.??louis vuitton sale??, They may very well be specifically produced with lively,Hermes Birkin hefty tapestry garments or perhaps lgt, ethereal organic.??Even so the choice is based thoroughly from the individual. You may also commit to place shelves that has a cubby each and every kid's container.??http://www.louisvuit...orelocation.com?? It's clearly good news for us who like to search beautiful with out going broke. Which is to become sophisticated and financial concurrently.?? http://www.louisvuit...alletpurses.com??. Louis Vuitton Handbags??You see, Takashi Murakami is generally superior at eye-catching style and design.??replica louis vuitton??, Other than impeccable high-quality and design, designer purses also provide you with a particular standing.??http://www.louisvuit...orelocation.com?? In the following post, I will introduce you some fake designer handbags from Louis Vuitton Suhali collection in succession. I sure you will happy with these posts since we all love elegant timeless bag with meticulously crafted leather. Frankly speaking, Louis Vuitton Suhali leather handbags are always in the list of my dreambags.?? http://www.louisvuit...alletpurses.com??.
Bill O'Brien's football coach at Brown University predicted this in January.
"In time, and I know it will take time because there are a lot of wounds to heal, I truly believe [Penn State] people will say, 'Can you believe how lucky we were to get Billy O'Brien?' " Mickey Kwiatkowski said the day O'Brien was hired.
Less than 10 months later, Big Ten coaches and media voters made O'Brien the unanimous choice as the conference's coach of the year. O'Brien, who guided Penn State to an 8-4 record following a tumultuous offseason, was selected over Ohio State's Urban Meyer, who led the Buckeyes to a 12-0 record.
In addition, O'Brien's agent told ESPN on Tuesday that his client will return for a second season. O'Brien, scheduled to resume recruiting Wednesday, said the same in an interview with an Atlanta radio station.
"I plan on being the head football coach at Penn State," O'Brien told 790 The Zone. "That's my plan and that's what I intend to do."
Also Tuesday, Penn State defensive end Deion Barnes was named the Big Ten freshman of the year. Barnes, a redshirt freshman from Philadelphia, led the team in tackles for loss (10) and sacks (six). He is the first Penn State player to win the award since Curtis Enis in 1995.
Barnes joined linebacker Mike Mauti and receiver Allen Robinson in winning Big Ten player-of-the-year awards. Six Lions made the all-conference first team.
O'Brien, 43, won both the Dave McClain (media vote) and the Hayes-Schembechler (coaches) awards. He became the seventh first-year coach to win the McClain Award, established in 1972. Joe Paterno won it three times. The Hayes-Schembechler Award began last year, when the conference created two divisions.
O'Brien, the first Penn State coach to win eight games in his first season, called the awards "humbling" in an appearance on the Big Ten Network. His players have been effusive in their praise all season.
"That was the perfect hire," cornerback Stephon Morris said. "No one could have done the job coach O'Brien did."
"What else do you want from a guy who's had to inherit this situation?" Mauti added. "In my opinion, that's the coach of the year right there."
Barnes started the opener in place of the injured Pete Massaro and quickly became a playmaker. He tied Mauti for the team lead in forced fumbles (three) and made a season-high six tackles against Nebraska.
"I'm not just here to be good," Barnes said. "I'm here to be great. I want to be where I can't be blocked."
McGLOIN A FINALIST FOR WALK-ON AWARD: Quarterback Matt McGloin is a finalist for the Burlsworth Trophy, awarded to the nation's top player who began his career as a walk-on. Michigan safety Jordan Kovacs and San Jose State offensive lineman David Quessenberry also are finalists.
The award, named in honor of the late Brandon Burlsworth, will be presented Monday in Springdale, Ark.
Azizi Yahaya, 2003. Factors Contributing Towards Excellence Academic Performance. University Technology Malaysia
?
Baxter, M. Young J.L. (1982). What do employers expect from high school graduates? NASSP Bulletin, 66, 93-98.
Cambridge
University
Reporter. (2003). Indicators of academic performance. Retrieved on August 8, 2007 from http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2002-3/weekly/5913/
Chang, M. (2004, July). Why some graduates are more marketable than others: Employers? perspective. Paper presented in a Workshop on Enhancing Graduate Employability in aGlobalised Economy, Economic Planning Unit, Malaysia.
Chapman, K. (2010, march 7). Earning a place. Retrieves September 17, 2010, from the Star Online: http://thestar.com.my?education/story.asp?file=/2010/3/7/education/5782565&sec=education Claessens, Amy, Greg Duncan, and Mimi Engel. 2009. ?Kindergarten Skills and Fifth-grade Achievement: Evidence from the ECLS-K,? Economics of Education Review 28(4): 415-427. Duncan, GregJ., Chantelle J. Dowsett, Amy Claessens., Katherine Magnuson., Aletha C. Huston,, Pamela Klebanov, Linda S. Pagani, Leon Feinstein, Mimi Engel, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Holly Sexton, Kathryn Duckworth, and Crista Japel. 2007. ?School Readiness and Later Achievement.? Developmental Psychology, 43(6): 428-46. Dutton, M. (1996). Tech/prep/school-to-work: Career Paths for All. Education Digest,61(5), 56-69. Higgins, D.M., Peerson, J. B., Pihl, R. O., & Lee, A. G. (2007). Prefrontal Cognitive Ability, Inteligence, Big Five Personality, and the Prediction of Advanced Academic and Workplace Performace. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Hoyle, E. (1986). Policies of School Management, Suffolk. The press ltd.
Jailani, Wan Mohd Rashid, Noraini & Wahid (2005). Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) from Malaysia Perspective. Paper presented at 2ndInternational TT-TVET EU-Asia-Link Project Meeting, VEDC Malang.
Kyoshaba Martha, 2009. Factors Affecting Academic Performance of Undergraduate Students at UgandaChristianUniversity.
Lleras, Christy. 2008. ?Do Skills and Behaviors in High School Matter? The Contribution of Noncognitive Factors in Explaining Differences in Educational Attainment and Earnings.? SocialScience Research 37 (3): 888-902.
Malaysia
has 60,000 graduates unemployed. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.malaysia-today.net/Blog-e/2005/11/malaysia-has-60000-undergraduates.htm
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. (2006). Development of soft skills for Institutions of Higher Learning. Universiti Putra, Malaysia.
Nabi, G. R. and Bagley, D. (1998) Graduates? perceptions of transferable personal skills and future career preparation in the UK, CareerDevelopment International, 3(1), 31-39. Bennett, N., Dunne, E. and Carr?, C. (2000) Skills Development in Higher Education and Employment. Buckingham: The Society for Research into Higher Education and Open University Press. Nathan, S. and Dunn, K.A. (1997). Business Press Articles and Higher Level Learning Skills in Accounting Courses. Education & Training. 39, 4/5, 189-194 Noorlaila Yunus, Salina Noranee and Rohana Ehsan, 2004.The Perception of Employer towards Office Management (OM) Industrial Trainees? Performance during the Internship: A Case Study of Public/Private Organizations in Klang Valley.
Secretary?s Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills. (1992, April). Learning a Living: A blueprint for High Performance. Executive Summary. A SCANS Report for America 2000.Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
O?Connor, M. C. & Paunonen, S. V. (2007). Big Five personality predictors of post-secondary academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences. Raymond Young and Chadi Aoun, 2008. Generic Skills to Reduce Failure Rates in an Undergraduate Accounting Information System Course. Asian Social Science, Vol. 4, 10, October 2008. www.ccsenet.prg/journal.html
Santrock, J. W. (2006). Educational Psychology (rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Thelma Young Monk, 1998. Variables Associated with Academic Achievement of African-American Males in Four-year Undergraduate Educational Institutions: A Synthesis is Studies. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity.
The New Straits Times. (2006, March 21). Experts: Go back to drawing board. Kuala Lumpur
Usoff, C. & Feldmann, D. (1998). Accounting Students? Perceptions of Important Skills For Career Success. Journal of Education for Business. 73, 4, 215-220
Worthington, R. L., & Juntunen, C. L. (1997). Vocational Development of Non-College-bound??
Youth: Counseling Psychology and the School-to-Work Transition of Movement. The Counseling Psychologist, 25(2), 23-24. 30,000 grads in unsuitable jobs (2012,May 10). New Straits Times. Retrieved from http://www.mohr.gov.my/mygoveg/extras/isunov05.htm#nst101105
Should you be experiencing like you would like to begin to make additional money and initiate producing an Antonio Brown Jersey source of income for your self, then affiliate marketing online is what you need to gain access to. This article can assist you begin with engaging in internet affiliate marketing mainly because it has plenty of ideas you should use towards accomplishment.
They claim that a basic switch to a headline will make your sales rocket. There?s ways to technically check the affect of such alterations. The true secret stage is you should transform a single element at the same time and study the results, so that you can to identify exacly the impact of each one alter. You might experiment with head lines, sub-head lines, bullet things with principal benefits, web page style and colour, and much more.
Be sure that you like and trust the product Antonio Brown Jersey you happen to be inquiring your market to click. In case you are greatly promoting things that are not very good or spamming your webpage with every type of system conceivable, people will quit approaching. It?s your replicate visitors that will make or bust you, don?t get rid of their have confidence in inside you.
Only add more hyperlinks to merchandise you understand are premium quality. Let prospective customers know you have completed the footwork on their behalf, vetting low quality items and merely delivering them the most effective. Verify revenue internet pages before you put in a website link, making certain they demonstrate trustworthiness, professionalism Antonio Brown Jersey plus a ?sound? much like the one you have. Opt to promote solely those goods and firms which have constructed great, solid reputations.
In the event you crafted a relationship with a possibility relating to what fantasy they may have, keep in mind that aspiration on your own followup experience of them. Raising their objective has two principal uses. It reminds them of why they wish to go frontward plus it allows them know that you cared enough to not forget.
When you have affiliate advertising on your site, you will get compensated each and every time someone Antonio Brown Jersey buys an item by simply clicking an advertisement. Do not strategy men and women into clicking on an advert: this will not create any revenue for yourself, and they people will by no means return in your website or blog yet again.
Do not forget that if you?re marketing an item on your internet site and analyzing it too, you happen to be needed by regulation to reveal your internet affiliate agreement with all the business which produces the merchandise. You can put a hyperlink to your disclosure assertion in the footer of your respective internet site, making sure it shows up on every webpage.
When picking affiliate merchandise, attempt Antonio Brown Jersey picking items that have a great track record. Try out deciding on these goods outlined near the top of their categories, for example biggest sellers, or people that have great gravitational pressure figures. Also be sure you request the suppliers concerns in relation to their transformation and reimburse prices.
Ideally, using the info you merely learned you can begin contemplating strategies you need to use for achievement. With regards to internet affiliate marketing remember that the more you know, the more likelihood of good results you possess. So try out the best to grow your understanding, and apply it as much as you may.
Authorised Ben Roethlisberger Jersey Shop delivers numerous cheap Heath Miller Jersey right away with Swift Shipping and delivery, Safeguarded Checkout & Good Customer Care.
Related posts:
Where To Start Antonio Brown Jersey With Affiliate Internet Marketing
Find out Antonio Brown Jersey The Easiest Way To Start Affiliate Internet Marketing
Do You Want To Antonio Brown Jersey Work At Home? Consider Affiliate Internet Marketing.
Suggestions To Antonio Brown Jersey Integrate To Your Affiliate Internet Marketing Method
Ways To Antonio Brown Jersey Integrate Into Your Internet Affiliate Marketing Technique
ADD is often accompanied by a coexisting condition. On the other hand, often ADD and these other conditions have similar symptoms and, therefore, are easily misdiagnosed. Of course, this creates a plethora of problems as these disorders, when separate, must be treated differently. A misdiagnosis will lead to ineffective treatment. As coexisting conditions, these are especially of concern, because they increase the severity of many of the symptoms of ADD, as well as the negative impact on those that suffer them. One such condition is Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder. Children with this disorder tend to be very aggressive and defiant. They usually lose their tempers very easily and challenge authority figures. This is the most easily diagnosable behaviors, as teachers and parents become aware of this conduct quickly and seek treatment almost immediately. This particular disorder is common in children that are the hyperactive/impulsive type of ADD and occurs in 35% of children with ADD. This coexisting condition makes it much more likely that these sufferers will get in legal trouble as they age due to their authoritative defiance.
Many children that have ADD also suffer from mood disorders and/or depression. The complication associated with this coexisting condition is the increased likelihood of suicide common during teen years. 18% of ADD children also suffer from some type of mood disorder, and is it more likely to occur within the inattentive type of ADD. This is often not as easily diagnosed as compared to other conditions. Children with mood disorders as a coexisting condition must be treated with different medication than typical ADD treatment; therefore, such therapy may be more difficult. Also a concern is anxiety disorders among ADD sufferers, which constitutes roughly 25% of those with ADD. Traits common of Anxiety Disorders are fear, panic, and worry, which may necessitate medication and/or counseling. As with mood disorders, combined treatment make therapy more complex and arduous. Learning Disabilities are also conditions common with children that have ADD. While ADD, in itself, is not a learning disability, it can make it extremely difficult for children to perform well in school. If coupled with a learning disability, it makes it considerably more challenging for children to grasp academic concepts and utilize such knowledge. For the most part, coexisting conditions make treatment more difficult and the side effects of both disorders more severe. The typical signs and symptoms of ADD are difficult enough to deal with, but with more intense severity, it often makes side effects deadly or incredibly negatively life altering. Learn about pomegranate bonsai and pomegranate seed oil at the Pomegranate Nutrition site.
"Killing Them Softly" star Brad Pitt continues to kill folks with kindness. The always-generous actor, who was filming his upcoming film "World War Z" in London on Thanksgiving, donated $1,100 to Southhampton Hospital's neonatal unit in Dorset, England.
According to the BBC, Pitt made the on-the-spot donation when Tricia Wilson-Hughes, a fundraiser who was collecting money from the movie's film crew on behalf of the medical facility, approached Pitt's security guard to see if Angelina Jolie's other half might be willing to pitch in a few bucks.
Brad Pitt on marrying Angelina Jolie
The guard then proceeded to make his way over to Pitt and returned minutes later with the money.
"I couldn't believe it, I was completely dumbstruck," Hughes told the BBC. "He said if he had more he would have given it. I said honestly that is more than enough, but if he wants to do anything in the future that is absolutely fine ... I am in awe of him."
You took the words right out of our mouths, Ms. Hughes.
Welcome back, citizens! For those of you in the USA we hope you had a relaxing holiday weekend and that you were able to take advantage of the grace period for pledges.
That is now over. Anyone that joins going forward will have to pay slightly more for the base packages and won?t have lifetime insurance. ?The limited-time add-ons such as the Retaliator Bomber have been taken down.
Existing backers will still be able to upgrade to any of the original packages at the original prices for the next 12 months. As an added bonus for all backers that purchased a ship before November 26th any additional ships you purchase for your account during the next twelve months will have lifetime insurance.
We?re looking forward to sharing more about the game and the team in the coming months. For now, we are going to address several issues of immediate importance to Star Citizens.
It?s almost unbelievable, but we?re now to almost to $7 million in pledges! Thank you all for the incredible continued support. ?We?ve had a lot of questions about adding additional stretch goals. What will hitting $7 million or $8 million add to the game? Things have moved so fast that in the short term we don?t feel comfortable setting them: we listed everything we wanted to add, figured out what it would cost and you earned that. The honest truth is that additional money from crowd funding means adding an ever-increasing amount of detail to the game? More unique locations in a system, more NPCs, more varied animations and so on. More dollars allows us to hire more artists, programmers and designers to flesh out the universe of Star Citizen. When things have calmed down we may be able to quantify this, but for now, know each extra dollar goes to making a richer game on release.
One issue we?re having trouble with is keeping up with the volume of customer service requests for corrections on billing, unlinked accounts, adjustments to packages and add-ons in players accounts. We?re a very small company and never expected to have almost 100,000 customers this early in the process. Luckily the fact that we?ve done so well in raising funds allows us to invest in the area of customer service to better serve you all. We are actively looking to hire people for customer service, but this will take time to complete the interview and hiring process. In the interim our small staff has been wearing multiple hats during the campaign to help. We do need to get back to the task of building this game so please be patient over the next few weeks while we bring on dedicated customer support team members.
The good news is that we?re not under the gun: there?s no campaign deadline looming and so hopefully we can take everything a little more slowly. We?re sorry for the delay, but there are thousands of messages still to sort through.?Users have become accustomed to contacting us through Kickstarter, Intercom and even through personal e-mail accounts. For now, we would ask that everyone who needs support switch to using one of these general e-mail addresses accessible to multiple team members:
One other change: in the past we?ve been manually changing pledges, tiers, add-ons and the like. Instead we?re switching to a system that will let you make these changes yourself. If you?d like to change a Hornet for a Cutlass, a Make Mine a Double for a Constellation or trade your Wingnut pledge for the digital one and an additional add-on you will be able to do this yourself in the near future from the ?Your Account? section. Until then, please hold tight while the web team adds this functionality!
One major issue we?ve seen come up time and again in the past week is that of ship insurance. What does it mean, how do you get it, who is eligible and so forth. We?ve put together the following short FAQ document to try to explain the topic:
What is insurance?
Pilots in Star Citizen can purchase insurance policies for their ships, modifications and cargo. This ensures that your ship will be replaced and/or its modifications and cargo will be subsidized should you be destroyed in a fight or accident. As in real life, insurance policies must be maintained: you must pay a regular fee in galactic credits (the in-game currency) or your policy will lapse and you will not receive a payout or a ship replacement when your ship is destroyed.
Will this Insurance cost a lot?
Like in real-life insurance should be a relatively small part of your regular in game expenses which will also include paying landing fees, trade tariffs (if in a system with lots of infrastructure and law and order), fuel (if you don?t collect it yourself from a gas giant), buying cargo to trade, hiring help, making upgrades to your ship or even buying a whole new ship.
Some of the additional policies like upgrade or cargo insurance will be rated based on risk levels. Risk level 1 being the safest systems and risk level 5 being the most dangerous system that is insurable for cargo or upgrades. Any risk level over 5 is un-insurable. A risk 3 policy for cargo will cover you for all cargo losses in a risk 3 system or below. The higher the risk level of the policy the more it will cost.? As with the base insurance this will not be crippling financially but instead be a reasonable running cost that relates to the risk / reward profile of the systems flown.
How do I get lifetime insurance?
Anyone who pledged for a copy of Star Citizen before November 26, 2012 automatically has lifetime insurance on their pledge ships; this protects the investment you made in the game in perpetuity. Anyone who pledged for a copy on or after November 26th starts with a finite insurance package for their ship. This can be anywhere from 2 months to 12 months depending on the ship and policy type. Lifetime insurance does not exist for modifications or cargo.
What happens if I don?t have insurance?
Your character will have to buy a new ship with any credits he has, or if he doesn?t have enough credits fly missions for a third party (both NPC and player) until he?s earned enough to buy his own ship again.
Will ships I add to my account have lifetime insurance?
Users who registered and bought at least one ship before November 26, 2012 can purchase additional ships with lifetime insurance for the next twelve months of development. Users who registered on or after November 26, 2012 can purchase additional ships with variable length starter insurance policies ranging from two months to twelve months.
Can I trade my lifetime insurance ship?
Yes. The lifetime insurance will follow the ship hull when it is legally sold or gifted. If the ship is stolen or otherwise captured, the policy will not transfer.
Will my insurance carry over to ships I earn in the finished game?
No, and you cannot transfer insurance policies from one ship to another.
Can I use my insurance as an excuse to simply ram other ships to death knowing I will get my ship back?
You can, but this will be a very bad idea as it is inconvenient and time consuming in getting your replacement ship ready to go again. Additionally there will be an increasing delay in replacing your ship every time you make a claim within a certain period of time.
Can I insure alien or one-off ships?
No. The only exception is the limited number of Vanduul fighters sold through the RSI site during the pledge campaign; these ships do have lifetime insurance included.
What will you do to combat insurance fraud?
A ship cannot be sold without a legitimate hull id code. Claiming on the insurance policy invalidates the hull code on your previous ship, so if it was captured or stolen the new owner will be unable to sell the ship at a regular ship dealer. Additionally if you have claimed on a policy and someone is flying the stolen ship in a well policed system, the hull id will mark it as a stolen ship, the law will be after you and landing privileges will be denied on any lawful planet. You will be able to fly a ?hot? ship to the less savory parts of the Star Citizen universe, where you will probably be able to land and may be able to purchase a fake hull id code, but it will take effort and not necessarily be cheap.
Finally the Advocacy takes insurance fraud very seriously. If it can be proven that a player has colluded with another player to defraud the insurance company, that hull?s lifetime insurance will be invalidated and the player may have to pay a large amount of credits to keep their record clean and not be marked as a wanted criminal.
We will continue to bring you in game fiction as we have previously, the schedule is Monday for Kid Crimson, Wednesday for various info bursts from the Star Citizen galaxy and Friday for the latest Cal Mason episode.
We will be sharing development updates as they happen, and will also give all our backers a ?Weekly? report
We hope to have the new forum software integrated with the old forum content by next week, so you can be using a much more friendly and powerful forum system,
We also plan to bring a one hour live webcast for our subscribers on a weekly basis, making this available to the rest of the community afterwards via our YouTube channel. Wingman, the Lamp and Sandi will all feature, as well as questions from the community about the game and interviews with various team members. We will start this webcast once we moved into our new office space in Austin next month.
Finally once all the Kickstarter Star Citizens are integrated, which will take a couple of weeks as we await final data from Kickstarter, we can bring up a ?backer wall? and switch on things like Galactapedia, Engineering and the Holo-Viewer.
A lot to do, but it will be fun and we?re glad to have you all on the journey!
Top-performing real estate brokers and agents have learned that systematic and focused direct mail marketing campaigns executed on a regular basis can generate huge financial rewards. One large real estate brokerage client of ours has tested the power of direct mail to obtain new listings. What they discovered was that their agents who mailed just 250 postcards per month over a 12-month period brought in an additional two listings per year. Those extra listings resulted in an additional $12,000 in annual commissions. With this success strategy in mind, we created the One-Minute Real Estate Marketing Guide that illustrates how by using direct mail postcards alone or by integrating them with other marketing tactics, real estate brokers and agents can easily and effectively market their services. We know how busy real estate professionals are, so we included ways to promote business and generate warm leads that take one minute or less.
To download the One-Minute Real Estate Marketing Guide, visit the whitepaper download page
NASA's Curiosity rover on Mars is busily grinding out science data ? and has likely relayed some provocative findings ? but mum's the word from scientists on the mission.
At the epicenter of all the speculation is that Curiosity's Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument has gulped in Martian soil and regurgitated exciting news.
John Grotzinger, lead mission investigator for the Curiosity rover, set the rumors in motion during an interview with NPR last week, saying, "We're getting data from SAM ? this data is gonna be one for the history books. It's looking really good."
Whatever history-making news there is to report, Curiosity scientists are expected to cough up the goods at this year's American Geophysical Union (AGU) meeting in San Francisco, to be held from Dec. 3 to Dec. 7.
On the AGU agenda is a discussion of Curiosity's search for organic molecules on Mars with its Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer ? a key instrument to help explore the surface and subsurface of Mars, seeking traces of prebiotic or biological activity.
As expected, readers in the blogosphere have already chimed in with what they believe Curiosity has found; their guesses so far have included a fossil, a black monolith, Tang and Jimmy Hoffa. [Top 5 Attempts to Find?Life?on Mars]
Overhyped?
Most scientists contacted by SPACE.com believe that Curiosity's SAM has detected organic chemical compounds. Still, some experts caution that the rover's finding may be overhyped.
"This is going to be a disappointment," said Chris McKay, a NASA space scientist at Ames Research Center at Moffett Field, Calif. "The press description of the
SAM results as 'earthshaking' is, in my view, an unfortunate exaggeration. We have not (yet) found anything in SAM that was not already known from previous missions: Phoenix and Viking."
But James Garvin, chief scientistat NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., and a member of Curiosity's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) science team, had a different take.
"What John Grotzinger was saying as our very capable project scientist on MSL is exactly the case," Garvin said. "The analytical payload on MSL ?in particular, SAM as a suite ?has been making unprecedented measurements of solid material samples with incredible implications about Mars, but which require, as in all science, demonstration of reproducibility and adequacy of calibration/validation."
Curiosity landed inside Mars' huge?Gale Crater?on Aug. 5, beginning a two-year mission to determine if the Red Planet could ever have hosted microbial life. The rover carries 10 different instruments, but SAM is the heart of Curiosity, taking up more than half of its science payload by weight.
Play it again, SAM
Garvin said the SAM team, plus the wider MSL science team (including Grotzinger), "are working industriously to have consistent results for the world to revel in as soon as possible."
"It is more akin to waiting for test results from one's doctor ? we want to be sure they are valid and properly interpreted and explained," Garvin added.
Unlike imaging and related experiments, highly sensitive results from SAM's instruments, which include mass spectrometers, tunable diode laser spectrometers and gas chromatographs ?require very great care in calibration, validation and interpretation, Garvin emphasized.
"MSL with its Curiosity rover really is analogous to the Hubble Space Telescope in the impact it can and will have ?we just have to be patient," Garvin said.
Similar to the Hubble Space Telescope, Garvin added, "We have to be patient to use our tools to look at the 'right stuff.' Stay tuned ? Mars will not disappoint and nor will MSL."
Blockbuster findings
Also awaiting the word from the Curiosity science team is Michael Mumma, a planetary scientist also at NASA Goddard, where he is founding director of the Goddard Center for Astrobiology.
"It clearly relates to the first soil sample analyzed by SAM. I suspect the delay means that a second sample is being analyzed to confirm findings from the first," Mumma said.
Given that SAM's Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) methane data were not released until third and fourth samples had been analyzed, Mumma doubts there will be much to hear for several weeks. [Mars Methane: Could It Mean Life? (Video)]
"Remember that TLS will sample gas ?water, methane ?from pyrolyzed soil, while SAM's GCMS [Viking Gas Chromatograph-mass Spectrometer]samples the mass spectrum," Mumma said.
In Mumma's view, "blockbuster findings" could include the discovery of a major release of methane from pyrolyzed soil, with measurements of certain intriguing chemical variations called isotopologues. A finding of complex hydrocarbons (molecules containing hydrogen and carbon) or of a type of chemical compound called polymers, would also be a major discovery.
In favor of life
"I think the minimum finding that could get Grotzinger to describe it as 'historic' is complex organic compounds," said Gilbert Levin, an adjunct professor at Arizona State University in Tempe.
Levin was a life-detection experimenter on NASA's Viking mission to Mars in 1976. Levin and co-experimenter Patricia Ann Straat led the Viking Labeled Release (LR) investigation, which returned data from Mars indicating the presence of microbial life, the team asserts.
"I have already pointed out that the Viking PR [The Viking biology package also consisted of the Pyrolytic Release experiment (PR)] showed that simple organics are continually being formed on Mars, so they would be no big deal for Curiosity," Levin told SPACE.com. "I doubt SAM could have detected proof of living microorganisms. But, slowly, ineluctably, NASA is being dragged into the mire of life on Mars, and will ultimately, maybe soon, have to reverse its opinion on the results of the Viking LR."
If Curiosity has found organics, Levin said, it will thereby confirm that the GCMSwas not sensitive enough to rule out the positive findings of the Viking LR.
"The failure of the Viking GCMS is the only remaining obstacle to acceptance of the Mars LR having detected existing microbial life. That obstacle would be removed by the Curiosity finding of organics. Whether that will turn the consensus in favor of life, I do not know, but any rationale against it would be difficult to maintain," Levin concluded.
Biding time
Ultimately, the world will have to wait just a little bit longer to find out what Curiosity knows.
"Curiosity's science team is analyzing data from SAM's soil inspection, but not ready to discuss yet," said Guy Webster, a spokesman for the Curiosity Mars rover science team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
This is no change from the policy with past results from the mission, such as SAM's atmosphere analysis or CheMin's soil sample analysis, Webster told SPACE.com. "The scientists want to gain confidence in the findings before taking them outside of the science team."
Webster said that Grotzinger was delighted about the quality and range of information coming in from SAM and similarly delighted by results at other points during the mission so far.
"The characterization of new findings as earthshaking did not come from anyone on the mission's science team," Webster said.
Leonard David has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades. He is a winner of last year's National Space Club Press Award and a past editor-in-chief of the National Space Society's Ad Astra and Space World magazines. He has written for SPACE.com since 1999.
Copyright 2012 SPACE.com, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
WASHINGTON (AP) ? Three Republican senators said Tuesday they are more troubled than ever with comments made days after the deadly Sept. 11 raid in Libya by Susan Rice, the U.N. ambassador and President Barack Obama's possible choice for secretary of state.
Sens. John McCain, Lindsey Graham and Kelly Ayotte met privately with Rice and acting CIA Director Michael Morell for more than an hour on her much-maligned explanations of the attack on the U.S. diplomatic post in Benghazi, Libya, that killed the U.S. ambassador and three other Americans.
Rice told the lawmakers that the initial assessment of the cause of the attack five days later was wrong.
"The talking points provided by the intelligence community, and the initial assessment upon which they were based, were incorrect in a key respect: There was no protest or demonstration in Benghazi," Rice said in a statement after the meeting. "While we certainly wish that we had had perfect information just days after the terrorist attack, as is often the case the intelligence assessment has evolved."
She insisted that there was no intention to mislead the American people, and the administration updated Congress as the assessment evolved. The senators, though, were not mollified.
"We are significantly troubled by many of the answers that we got and some that we didn't get concerning evidence that was leading up to the attack on the consulate and the tragic death of four brave Americans and whether Ambassador Rice was prepared, or informed sufficiently, to give the American people the correct depiction of the events that took place," McCain told reporters.
Said Graham: "Bottom line I'm more disturbed now than I was before that 16 September explanation."
The three insisted that they need more information about the Libyan raid before they even consider Rice as a possible replacement for Clinton.
"I'm more troubled today," said Ayotte, who argued that it was clear in the days after the attack that it was terrorism and not a spontaneous demonstration prompted by an anti-Muslim video.
At the White House, spokesman Jay Carney said there were "no unanswered questions about Rice's appearance on the Sunday shows and the talking points that she used that were provided by the intelligence community. Those questions have been answered."
Carney called the focus on Rice's appearance on the Sunday shows an "obsession."
Despite lingering questions over her public comments after the Benghazi attack, Rice has emerged as the front-runner on a short list of candidates to succeed Clinton, with Sen. John Kerry, D-Mass., seen as her closest alternative.
The strong statements from the three senators clouded Rice's prospects only two days after Republican opposition seem to be softening. Rice planned meetings on Wednesday with Sen. Bob Corker of Tennessee, who is in line to become the top Republican on the Foreign Relations Committee, and Sen. Susan Collins, R-Maine.
Corker said Tuesday that he had concerns with a possible nomination.
"When I hear Susan talk she seems to me like she'd be a great chairman of the Democratic National Committee," Corker said. "There is nobody who is more staff supportive of what the administration does. That concerns me in a secretary of state."
Rice's series of meetings on Capitol Hill will be a critical test both for Republicans, who will decide whether they can support her, and the administration, which must gauge whether Rice has enough support to merit a nomination.
A senior Senate aide said the administration was sounding out moderate members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, such as Corker and Sen. Johnny Isakson, R-Ga. Assessing the prospects for Rice before Obama makes any announcement would avoid the embarrassment of a protracted fight with the Senate early in the president's second term and the possible failure of the nominee.
Rice is scheduled to meet with Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., her most vocal critic on Capitol Hill, and Sen. Kelly Ayotte, R-N.H. McCain and Ayotte are members of the Senate Armed Services Committee.
On talk shows the weekend following the attack, which took place on the 11th anniversary of 9/11, Rice was given talking points that described the attack as a spontaneous protest of the film, even though the Obama administration had known for days that it was a militant assault.
Republicans called her nomination doomed, leading to a vigorous defense of her by Obama in his first postelection news conference. Since then, GOP lawmakers have appeared to soften their views. McCain, who said earlier this month that would he do everything in his power to scuttle a Rice nomination, said Sunday that he was willing to hear Rice out before making a decision.
Sen. Jim Inhofe, R-Okla., a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, had issued a statement highly critical of Rice on the day of Obama's news conference. He indicated Monday that perhaps she didn't know what had transpired in Benghazi on the day of the attack.
"I assumed she had full knowledge of everything that went on. I'm not at all convinced of that now. She very well could have been thrown under the bus," Inhofe said in an interview. He said she hadn't requested a meeting but he would be glad to meet with her.
White House spokesman Jay Carney said Monday that the administration appreciated McCain's latest comments about Rice, but wouldn't say whether the president saw them as an opening to make the nomination. "Ambassador Rice has done an excellent job at the United Nations and is highly qualified for any number of positions," Carney said.
Several diplomats currently serving with Rice said that what she lacked in Clinton's star power, she could make up with a blunter approach that demands attention and has marked her tenure thus far at the United Nations.
Rice, who at 48 is relatively young, has been known to covet the job for years, but was passed over for Clinton in 2009.
___
Associated Press writers Matthew Lee in Washington and Edith M. Lederer in New York contributed to this report.
Scatter radiation from mammography presents no cancer riskPublic release date: 27-Nov-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Linda Brooks lbrooks@rsna.org 630-590-7762 Radiological Society of North America
CHICAGO The radiation dose to areas of the body near the breast during mammography is negligible, or very low, and does not result in an increased risk of cancer, according to a study presented today at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA). The results suggest that the use of thyroid shields during mammography is unnecessary.
"Thyroid shields can impede good mammographic quality and, therefore, are not recommended during mammography," said Alison L. Chetlen, D.O., assistant professor of radiology at Penn State Hershey Medical Center.
During mammography, some X-rays scatter away from the primary beam in the breast and spread outward in different directions. Although this scatter radiation is much weaker than the primary beam, there has been concern that women exposed to it during mammography could face an increased risk of cancer, especially in radiosensitive areas like the thyroid gland.
To better understand the potential impact of scatter radiation, Dr. Chetlen and colleagues set out to measure the dose received by the thyroid gland, salivary gland, sternum, uterus and the lens of the eye during screening digital mammography. Each of the 207 women in the study group wore six optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters -- a device used to measure an absorbed dose of ionizing radiation -- while undergoing two-view screening mammography.
Analysis of the dosimeters by a medical physicist immediately after the exam revealed that the doses to the various areas outside of the breast ranged from negligible to very low.
Absorbed radiation dose is measured in a unit called a milligray (mGy). The average estimated organ dose to the salivary gland was 0.05 mGy. The average estimated organ dose to the thyroid gland was 0.05 mGy. These doses are only a fraction of the radiation people are exposed to from natural background sources, such as cosmic radiation and radionuclides in the ground. In fact, all areas except for the sternum received less than 2 percent of annual background radiation dose.
Measured dose to the bridge of the eye and umbilicus was negligible, indicating no increased risk to the patient of cataracts or interference with normal embryonic development in early pregnancy.
"The risk of cancer induction at these low levels is indistinguishable from background incidence of cancer due to other sources," Dr. Chetlen said.
The findings are particularly important in light of a recent increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer, one of the most radiosensitive of all cancers. The number of thyroid cancer diagnoses in women nearly doubled from 2000 to 2008, leading some to suspect that mammography may be a contributing factor and that women should wear lead thyroid shields during exams, an idea that Dr. Chetlen and other mammography experts strongly discourage.
Based on the extremely low scatter radiation dose to the thyroidequivalent to just a few minutes of background radiation, thyroid shields are unnecessary during mammography. In addition, the researchers warn that use of thyroid shields could result in an increased radiation dose to patients.
"A thyroid shield gets in the way of the exam and can actually cause an increase in radiation dose by necessitating repeat exams," Dr. Chetlen said.
Dr. Chetlen also pointed out that the thyroid gland is far less radiosensitive after age 30. The American Cancer Society and other organizations recommend that women have mammography screening once every year, beginning at age 40.
"In the age group eligible for screening, the thyroid gland is not very radiosensitive," Dr. Chetlen said.
###
Coauthors are Steven King, M.S., Karen Brown, C.H.P., D.A.B.R., Brian Lorah, Susann Schetter, D.O., Claudia Kasales, M.D., Shelley Tuzzato, R.T.R.M., and Shelly Rambler, R.T.R.M.
Note: Copies of RSNA 2012 news releases and electronic images will be available online at RSNA.org/press12 beginning Monday, Nov. 26.
RSNA is an association of more than 50,000 radiologists, radiation oncologists, medical physicists and related scientists, promoting excellence in patient care and health care delivery through education, research and technologic innovation. The Society is based in Oak Brook, Ill.
Editor's note: The data in these releases may differ from those in the published abstract and those actually presented at the meeting, as researchers continue to update their data right up until the meeting. To ensure you are using the most up-to-date information, please call the RSNA Newsroom at 1-312-949-3233.
For patient-friendly information on mammography, visit RadiologyInfo.org.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Scatter radiation from mammography presents no cancer riskPublic release date: 27-Nov-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Linda Brooks lbrooks@rsna.org 630-590-7762 Radiological Society of North America
CHICAGO The radiation dose to areas of the body near the breast during mammography is negligible, or very low, and does not result in an increased risk of cancer, according to a study presented today at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA). The results suggest that the use of thyroid shields during mammography is unnecessary.
"Thyroid shields can impede good mammographic quality and, therefore, are not recommended during mammography," said Alison L. Chetlen, D.O., assistant professor of radiology at Penn State Hershey Medical Center.
During mammography, some X-rays scatter away from the primary beam in the breast and spread outward in different directions. Although this scatter radiation is much weaker than the primary beam, there has been concern that women exposed to it during mammography could face an increased risk of cancer, especially in radiosensitive areas like the thyroid gland.
To better understand the potential impact of scatter radiation, Dr. Chetlen and colleagues set out to measure the dose received by the thyroid gland, salivary gland, sternum, uterus and the lens of the eye during screening digital mammography. Each of the 207 women in the study group wore six optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters -- a device used to measure an absorbed dose of ionizing radiation -- while undergoing two-view screening mammography.
Analysis of the dosimeters by a medical physicist immediately after the exam revealed that the doses to the various areas outside of the breast ranged from negligible to very low.
Absorbed radiation dose is measured in a unit called a milligray (mGy). The average estimated organ dose to the salivary gland was 0.05 mGy. The average estimated organ dose to the thyroid gland was 0.05 mGy. These doses are only a fraction of the radiation people are exposed to from natural background sources, such as cosmic radiation and radionuclides in the ground. In fact, all areas except for the sternum received less than 2 percent of annual background radiation dose.
Measured dose to the bridge of the eye and umbilicus was negligible, indicating no increased risk to the patient of cataracts or interference with normal embryonic development in early pregnancy.
"The risk of cancer induction at these low levels is indistinguishable from background incidence of cancer due to other sources," Dr. Chetlen said.
The findings are particularly important in light of a recent increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer, one of the most radiosensitive of all cancers. The number of thyroid cancer diagnoses in women nearly doubled from 2000 to 2008, leading some to suspect that mammography may be a contributing factor and that women should wear lead thyroid shields during exams, an idea that Dr. Chetlen and other mammography experts strongly discourage.
Based on the extremely low scatter radiation dose to the thyroidequivalent to just a few minutes of background radiation, thyroid shields are unnecessary during mammography. In addition, the researchers warn that use of thyroid shields could result in an increased radiation dose to patients.
"A thyroid shield gets in the way of the exam and can actually cause an increase in radiation dose by necessitating repeat exams," Dr. Chetlen said.
Dr. Chetlen also pointed out that the thyroid gland is far less radiosensitive after age 30. The American Cancer Society and other organizations recommend that women have mammography screening once every year, beginning at age 40.
"In the age group eligible for screening, the thyroid gland is not very radiosensitive," Dr. Chetlen said.
###
Coauthors are Steven King, M.S., Karen Brown, C.H.P., D.A.B.R., Brian Lorah, Susann Schetter, D.O., Claudia Kasales, M.D., Shelley Tuzzato, R.T.R.M., and Shelly Rambler, R.T.R.M.
Note: Copies of RSNA 2012 news releases and electronic images will be available online at RSNA.org/press12 beginning Monday, Nov. 26.
RSNA is an association of more than 50,000 radiologists, radiation oncologists, medical physicists and related scientists, promoting excellence in patient care and health care delivery through education, research and technologic innovation. The Society is based in Oak Brook, Ill.
Editor's note: The data in these releases may differ from those in the published abstract and those actually presented at the meeting, as researchers continue to update their data right up until the meeting. To ensure you are using the most up-to-date information, please call the RSNA Newsroom at 1-312-949-3233.
For patient-friendly information on mammography, visit RadiologyInfo.org.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
![[ Back to EurekAlert! ]](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tUmRIo9PNXYwTiBLvFwZSQMUB8Mtiy6KKUOcTqx76E3Q3wfjnp5C6FR4s-ItaXe6RWqMJybsDrx29gCHTNO6ghiWBiO78TKYBwdH_PzkM=s0-d){kind=small}
Public release date: 27-Nov-2012
Share ]